Pet care

Introduction and the physiology of the organ

For decades, how moist a dog’s nose feels has served owners as an informal gauge of their animal’s general health. The widespread belief that a wet nose invariably means an animal in perfect condition is a considerable oversimplification, yet changes in this area really can be an early indicator of a range of disease processes. To interpret a dry nose in a dog correctly, it is essential to understand the complex physiology and anatomy of the region.

The nose leather, known in anatomical terminology as the planum nasale, plays a fundamental role in canids. This organ is not only the first section of the airways but, above all, a highly specialised sensory and thermoregulatory instrument. The surface of the nose is constantly moistened by secretions from the mucous glands and by tears, which drain from the conjunctival sacs through the nasolacrimal ducts. This thin film of moisture acts as a kind of trap for scent molecules carried in the air. Odorants dissolved in the fluid are then conveyed to the olfactory receptors and to the vomeronasal organ, also known as Jacobson’s organ. This structure, located in the floor of the nasal cavity, is responsible for the sophisticated analysis of pheromones and key chemical signals from the environment, which underpins the animal’s normal behaviour.

Adequate moisture on the nose leather also supports thermoregulation. Evaporation of fluid from the surface of the nose and mouth helps a dog shed excess heat, a crucial mechanism given the almost complete absence of sweat glands elsewhere on the body. The anatomy of the nose leather itself is based on a stratified squamous keratinised epithelium. This forms a robust mechanical and immunological barrier, protecting against invading pathogens and physical damage. When the barrier stops working properly, tissues lose water rapidly and pronounced dryness follows.

Physiological causes of dryness, or non-disease states

Noticing that a dog has a dry nose is not always grounds for launching immediate diagnostic procedures. In many cases it is an entirely physiological phenomenon, arising from the animal’s natural daily rhythm or from the direct effect of environmental factors on the skin barrier.

Sleep and deep rest are the most common causes of a temporary loss of moisture on the nose leather. During sleep a dog’s metabolic rate slows down, which directly reduces the production of tear and mucous secretions. On top of that, a resting animal does not lick its nose, and licking is the main mechanism by which moisture is spread mechanically across the surface during waking hours. Once the dog wakes and resumes normal activity, proper moisture usually returns within ten to twenty minutes.

Another extremely important aspect is environmental factors and the microclimate indoors. Keeping a dog in rooms with low air humidity, something particularly common during the heating season, accelerates the evaporation of water from the surface of the mucous membranes and the skin. Prolonged exposure to strong ultraviolet radiation on sunny days, or direct contact with freezing wind in winter, has a similarly unfavourable effect. These extreme conditions can cause not only dryness but also painful micro-cracks in the skin that weaken its protective function.

The natural ageing process and the patient’s age must also be taken into account. In geriatric dogs, cell renewal slows down physiologically and tissue elasticity decreases considerably. Natural keratinisation of the skin may intensify with age, which means older dogs often have a permanently less moist and rougher nose leather than young and middle-aged animals.

A dry nose as a clinical sign, and the pathophysiology of the changes

If the dryness is chronic or accompanied by other worrying signs, it must be regarded as a clinical sign. The most common reason for this in veterinary pathology is dehydration, together with the acute disturbances of fluid and electrolyte balance that go with it.

Fluid loss may follow hyperthermia, that is a raised body temperature of varying origin, as well as acute gastrointestinal upsets with intense vomiting and diarrhoea. In dehydration the body first reduces perfusion of the peripheral tissues, including the skin and mucous membranes, in order to maintain adequate blood pressure and protect the vital internal organs. In both clinical and home settings, the degree of dehydration is assessed by testing the elasticity of the skin fold at the scruff and by carefully checking capillary refill time and the moisture of the gums. If a lifted skin fold does not spring straight back into place and the oral mucous membranes are tacky and pale, a dry nose is merely the outward, mild sign of a far more serious fluid deficit.

Another condition requiring investigation is idiopathic hyperkeratosis, that is pathological, excessive keratinisation. This is a state in which the natural cell cycle of the skin is disrupted. Instead of shedding physiologically, dead cells of the horny layer accumulate on the surface of the nose and, quite often, on the paw pads as well. They form thick, hard, dried-out layers of crust which, left untreated, can crack, causing severe pain and secondary, complicated bacterial infections.

An important group of causes, and a diagnostically difficult one, are autoimmune diseases, in which the dog’s immune system mistakenly identifies and attacks its own tissues. A prime example is discoid lupus erythematosus, abbreviated in the specialist literature to DLE, along with pemphigus foliaceus. In both, the disease process very often begins on the nose leather. What is visible is not only extreme dryness but also progressive depigmentation, through which the nose loses its natural dark pigment. Over time, extensive erosions, bleeding ulcers and thick crusts appear, and the sharp boundary between the smooth nose leather and the haired skin of the muzzle becomes blurred.

Systemic viral infections must not be overlooked either. The canine distemper virus has an exceptionally strong affinity for epithelial and nervous tissue. In the later stages of this extremely dangerous infectious disease, drastic keratinisation of the skin develops on the nose and the paw pads, a picture that older veterinary terminology aptly described as hard pad disease.

Breed characteristics and nose moisture

The anatomy and genetic predispositions of particular breeds have a decisive influence on the physiological ability to keep the nose leather properly moist. The greatest clinical challenges in this area concern patients affected by brachycephalic syndrome, known in veterinary medicine by the acronym BAOS.

Breeds such as French bulldogs, English bulldogs, pugs and boxers have a pronounced, genetically determined shortening of the facial skeleton. This particular anatomy means these animals physically struggle to reach their own nose with their tongue. The absence of any mechanical spreading of mucous secretions and saliva is the main cause of chronic dryness in these dogs. In addition, their often narrowed nostrils and chronically increased respiratory effort raise airflow through the nasal cavity, which constantly dries the mucous membrane and the skin of the planum nasale still further.

Genetic predispositions in other breeds also deserve attention. The veterinary literature describes hereditary nasal keratopathy and parakeratosis, diagnosed particularly often in the labrador retriever and the golden retriever. In these dogs, excessive dryness and keratinisation of the nose can appear at a young age and may require lifelong topical treatment to keep the animal comfortable.

Assessment and care at home

Noticing a dry nose in a dog calls for sensible care aimed at improving the condition of the skin and ruling out more serious disease. The basic step is to apply safe moisturising substances that help rebuild the damaged hydrolipid barrier.

At home, natural preparations based on shea butter, coconut oil, olive oil or beeswax work very well. These substances are completely non-toxic and safe for the animal if licked off. The veterinary market also offers dedicated balms and ointments for the care of the nose and paw pads, containing combinations of ingredients that help regenerate the skin. It is essential, however, to warn firmly against using human cosmetics, moisturisers or nappy-rash ointments. Many of these contain zinc oxide, fragrances or preservatives which, once licked off by the dog, can lead to serious gastrointestinal irritation or toxicosis.

Just as important as topical treatment is appropriate dietary support. A properly balanced diet is fundamental to the health of the skin and mucous membranes. Supplementation with Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, most often obtained from fish oils, plays a key role in rebuilding the lipid barrier. B vitamins, vitamin E and organic zinc also help, stimulating normal keratinisation and reducing inflammation in the skin.

When veterinary intervention is needed

Although a dry nose can often be dealt with at home, there are situations in which specialist intervention by a veterinarian is absolutely necessary. Owners should know the warning signs that point to a serious disease process developing.

Among the most important reasons for an urgent visit to the clinic is cracking of the skin on the nose, especially when accompanied by bleeding or marked pain on touch. Purulent, mucous or bloody discharge from the nostrils is a clear signal of a respiratory infection, a foreign body or a developing tumour. Any lasting change in the texture of the nose leather should also cause concern, as should the appearance of asymmetry, ulcers, crusts or depigmentation.

If a dry nose comes with systemic clinical signs such as lethargy, sudden loss of appetite, fever, difficulty breathing, coughing or digestive upset, a clinical examination together with a panel of blood tests should be carried out immediately. On the basis of the history and differential diagnosis, the veterinarian will be able to start targeted drug treatment.

Summary

To sum up, it is worth emphasising that the moisture of a dog’s nose leather is a dynamic phenomenon that depends on many variables. A dry nose may result from entirely natural physiological processes, or be a response to dry air or advancing age, but it can equally be an early and valuable warning sign of serious systemic disease, including dehydration, autoimmune disorders and infections.

That is precisely why it is so important to assess nose moisture in the wider context of the dog’s overall haemodynamic and clinical condition. Careful observation of the animal’s behaviour, attention to a properly balanced diet and adequate hydration, combined with routine preventive veterinary care, form the most effective strategy for maintaining the full health and comfort of our four-legged patients.

Mange is one of the most common skin diseases in pets and is caused by parasitic mites. It affects both dogs and cats, causing not only discomfort but also serious health problems if left untreated. In this article we take a closer look at the condition, its signs, how it is treated and the risk of infection in people.

What is mange in dogs and cats?

Mange, also known as sarcoptic mange, is a skin condition caused by parasitic mites of the genus Sarcoptes scabiei. These microscopic organisms live in the upper layer of an animal’s skin, from where they burrow into the deeper layers, irritating the tissue and causing inflammation. Mange can affect both dogs and cats, and it goes hand in hand with intense itching that leaves animals thoroughly uncomfortable.

These mites are extremely contagious and are most often passed on through direct contact with an infected animal. Brief contact is enough for adult mites to move on to a new host. The parasites can also survive off the host for a while on contaminated items such as beds, toys and other cat and dog accessories. Infection most commonly occurs in kennels and animal shelters, and among animals living rough with limited access to veterinary care.

Signs of mange

Mange shows itself through a range of signs, which vary depending on the species and on how far the disease has progressed. The most common are:

1. Itching – the most characteristic sign, which can be very intense. Animals scratch constantly, which leads to skin irritation.
2. Redness and irritation of the skin – scratching can leave the skin red and swollen, and in some cases even infected with pus.
3. Hair loss – animals may lose fur wherever the skin is irritated. The ears, elbows and belly are usually the worst affected.
4. Crusts and sores– prolonged itching damages the skin, which can lead to secondary infection and the formation of crusts.
5. Changes in behaviour – animals may become restless and irritable or, conversely, listless if the pain or discomfort is severe.

How does infection happen?

Dogs and cats pick up mange easily and quickly, which is what makes the disease so contagious. Infection occurs mainly through direct contact with an infected animal. The Sarcoptes scabiei mites responsible for mange are passed on through touch, when a healthy animal comes into contact with a sick one – while playing, lying together or even simply rubbing against one another. It is worth stressing that the mites can survive on surfaces for a short time, which means infection can also occur through contact with contaminated items such as beds, blankets, bowls, toys or grooming equipment. Caring for animals in shelters, breeding kennels or boarding facilities also raises the risk of mange spreading, as animals in these places are often kept close together and have limited access to veterinary care.

Can you catch it?

Mange is essentially not transmissible to people. In rare cases, however, some parasites can cause skin reactions in humans, particularly after contact with an infected animal. Such cases are occasional, and people are more susceptible to other parasites, such as fleas or lice.

Do bear in mind that if you notice signs of mange in your pet, you should consult a veterinarian straight away so that treatment can begin.

Treating mange in dogs and cats

Treating mange in dogs and cats is a process that should be carried out under the close supervision of a veterinarian. The key element of therapy is antiparasitic medication, which eliminates the mites effectively. The veterinarian may recommend various forms of treatment, including oral medicines, injections or spot-on drops applied topically to the animal’s skin. It is important that the treatment plan is properly matched to the individual pet’s needs and to how far the disease has progressed.

In addition, to relieve signs such as itching and skin irritation, the veterinarian may recommend special medicated shampoos and ointments that help cleanse the skin and speed up healing. If secondary infections develop, typically concentrated in wounds caused by scratching, antibiotics may be necessary.

Another important aspect of treatment is hygiene in the animal’s environment. Owners should regularly wash bedding, toys and any other items the affected pet has been in contact with, in order to minimise the risk of reinfection.

Summary

Mange in dogs and cats is a significant health problem that calls for both accurate diagnosis and effective treatment. Pet owners should be aware of the potential risks this disease carries and of how important it is to act quickly when signs appear. Knowing what mange is, what causes it and how it is treated and prevented is key to protecting pets’ health and preventing infection in the animals around them. Regular veterinary visits and good hygiene go a long way towards keeping animals in good health and minimising the risk of skin disease.

Obesity is one of the most serious health problems facing pets today. Studies suggest that as many as 30-60% of dogs and cats are overweight or obese. Understanding what causes obesity, what it leads to and how to prevent it is key to giving our four-legged companions a long and healthy life

Causes of obesity in dogs 

Obesity in dogs is a complex health problem that usually stems from a combination of factors. The most important of these is an unbalanced diet — many dogs eat too much calorie-dense food or too many treats that do not match their energy requirements. Owners often give their pets leftovers from the table or high-calorie snacks, without realising that these extra calories can lead to weight gain. A lack of physical activity is another significant problem; many dogs lead a sedentary life, particularly in cities, where opportunities for long walks are limited and access to space for play is restricted.

The most common feeding mistakes include:

1. Giving leftovers from the table: this can result in excessive calorie intake and unhealthy ingredients such as fats or seasonings.
2. Feeding too much: owners often do not realise that their dog needs smaller portions than they are used to serving. 
3. A monotonous diet: a proper diet should be varied and matched to the dog’s energy requirements and state of health.
4. No fixed feeding routine: irregular feeding, such as offering food only when the dog seems to fancy some, can upset the digestive system and lead to overeating when food is left available all day long.
5. Too many snacks and treats: many people do not realise that the treats they give their dogs can account for a substantial share of their daily calorie intake. 
6. Poor-quality food: buying cheap food with a questionable ingredient list is a common mistake. Low-quality food can lead to nutritional deficiencies and health problems.
7. No access to fresh water: dehydration can cause serious health problems and also affects a dog’s appetite.

In addition, some breeds are genetically predisposed to obesity, meaning they gain weight more easily than others. Breeds such as the beagle, cocker spaniel, labrador retriever, English bulldog and boxer are especially prone to it. Their natural tendency to put on weight calls for particular attention from owners when it comes to diet and activity levels. Health conditions such as thyroid disease or insulin resistance can also affect a dog’s weight, which is why regular health checks with a veterinarian matter. Finally, owners’ emotional habits, such as rewarding a pet with food in response to stress, can contribute to weight gain, making education about healthy eating habits and exercise a key element in preventing obesity in dogs.

How to tell whether your dog is obese

First of all, pay attention to weight and to the body mass index (BMI). Weighing your dog regularly is recommended so that you can track any fluctuations in body mass. A dog is considered obese when its weight exceeds the range recommended for its breed. Another important factor is assessing body shape. At a healthy weight, a dog’s waist should be narrower than its chest, and the ribs should be easy to feel under gentle pressure. If the waist is no longer visible or the ribs are hard to find, this may indicate that the dog is overweight or obese. Reduced physical activity can be another sign of excess weight — if a dog tires quickly on walks or shows less interest in play, its weight may already be affecting its fitness. It is also worth watching for problems with movement, such as difficulty getting up, running or jumping, which can be the result of strain on the joints. 

How to prevent obesity in dogs

A balanced diet

The first step in preventing obesity is choosing the right food. It is important that the food suits the dog’s age, breed, size and activity level. For puppies and young dogs, foods rich in protein and nutrients that support growth are recommended, while older dogs may need food with a lower calorie content. It is also worth paying attention to:

• Portion size: it is important to give your dog the right amount of food, in line with the manufacturer’s guidance and your veterinarian’s advice. Measuring portions with a scoop is good practice and prevents accidentally serving too much.
• Meal times: a fixed feeding schedule can help regulate a dog’s appetite. Feeding two to three times a day is recommended, rather than leaving food out all day.
• Limiting treats: handing out treats is a common mistake that can lead to weight gain. Snacks should be limited to no more than 10% of daily calorie intake. Choose healthy options such as carrots, apples with the pips removed, or special low-calorie treats.
• Avoiding “human food”: tempting as it may be to reward your dog with scraps from your plate, human food is best avoided. 

Physical activity:

Alongside diet, regular exercise is enormously important in preventing obesity in dogs. Dogs should get their daily dose of movement, the amount depending on their age, breed and condition. Daily walks are the basic form of exercise — they should be long and varied, combining brisk walking with time for play, and the target of at least 30-60 minutes of walking a day should be adapted to each dog’s individual needs. Besides walks, games in the garden or the park, such as throwing a ball or a frisbee or using interactive toys, encourage a dog to burn energy. Teaching a dog new commands or tricks is another excellent way of increasing activity, as this kind of training engages both mind and body. Many places also offer group classes for dogs, such as agility, flyball or obedience training, which not only support physical health but also encourage socialisation and interaction with other dogs and their owners.

Summary

Obesity in dogs is a serious health problem that can lead to numerous complications and shorten a dog’s life. Every owner should understand what causes excess weight and what it can lead to. A balanced diet, regular veterinary check-ups and exercise tailored to the pet’s needs make it possible to prevent obesity effectively and support a dog’s health. Getting feeding and exercise right affects not only weight but also wellbeing and the bond between a dog and its owner. A long-term commitment to your pet’s health pays off in a healthier, more active and happier companion.