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Gastric torsion, also known as gastric dilatation-volvulus (GDV), is an emergency and life-threatening condition that requires immediate veterinary intervention. It is a disorder in which the dog’s stomach fills with gas, fluid or food, distends and then twists around its own axis. This twist cuts off the blood supply to the stomach and spleen, and the animal’s condition deteriorates rapidly. As a dog owner, it is extremely important that you can recognise the signs of gastric torsion, because a fast response can save your pet’s life.

Signs of gastric torsion you must not miss

Recognising the signs is crucial to getting help in time. They usually appear suddenly and escalate fast. Above all, look out for a swollen, distended abdomen, particularly in its upper part. The belly may feel hard and tight to the touch. The dog may show signs of severe pain, such as restlessness, attempts to vomit that bring up no stomach contents (so-called “dry vomiting” or retching), drooling, and excessive panting and rapid breathing. The animal may also become apathetic and weak, with pale mucous membranes and difficulty moving. In advanced cases collapse may follow. Remember that any one of these signs, even on its own, should prompt you to contact a veterinarian immediately.

What to do if you suspect gastric torsion

If you suspect your dog has gastric torsion, the most important thing is to act immediately. Do not wait for the signs to worsen: every minute counts. Contact a veterinary clinic as quickly as you can and tell them what you suspect. The veterinarian will be able to give you instructions and prepare to receive the patient. Do not try to relieve the dog yourself, for instance by giving medication or trying to induce vomiting. That can make its condition worse. Transport the dog gently, avoiding extra stress and jolting. Professional veterinary care is the only chance of saving the animal’s life in such a situation.

Diagnosis and treatment: what to expect at the clinic

Once you arrive at the veterinary clinic with a dog suspected of gastric torsion, the team will begin the diagnostic process at once and start life-saving treatment. The first step is usually stabilising the patient, which involves intravenous fluids to counter shock, pain relief and, in some cases, decompressing the stomach with a stomach tube or trocar to reduce the pressure. The diagnosis is usually confirmed by an X-ray, which clearly shows the enlarged, rotated stomach.

Treatment of gastric torsion is always surgical. The operation involves returning the stomach to its correct position, assessing the internal organs (especially the stomach and spleen, which may have been damaged by loss of blood supply) and, in most cases, performing a gastropexy. Gastropexy is a procedure in which the stomach is stitched to the inner wall of the abdomen to prevent the torsion recurring. It is a very important part of the operation, because without it the risk of another twist is very high.

How to reduce the risk of gastric torsion

Although gastric torsion cannot be ruled out entirely, there are steps that can help reduce the risk of it happening. Above all, avoid feeding your dog one large meal a day. It is better to give smaller portions more often. It is also important to limit your dog’s physical activity straight after a meal, especially vigorous running or jumping. Wait at least an hour after eating before resuming exercise. For large and giant breeds, which are particularly prone to gastric torsion (Great Danes, setters and Irish wolfhounds, for example), it is worth considering a raised feeding bowl, although opinion on this is divided and it is always worth discussing with your veterinarian. In some cases, for breeds at particularly high risk, a veterinarian may recommend a preventive gastropexy, which fixes the stomach to the abdominal wall so that it cannot rotate. Regular check-ups and looking after your dog’s general health also play an important part in prevention.

Prognosis and post-operative care

Gastric torsion is a very serious condition, and the prognosis depends on many factors, including how quickly treatment begins, how badly the organs are damaged and the dog’s general health. The sooner treatment is started, the greater the chances of a full recovery. Sadly, complications can arise even after a successful operation, such as cardiac arrhythmias, kidney failure or peritonitis. For that reason post-operative care is extremely important and usually calls for a hospital stay of several days under close veterinary supervision.

The role of meat in a dog’s diet

Meat plays a key role in a dog’s diet as the main source of protein, which the body needs to function properly. Protein is the basic building block of cells and tissues, and it also has an important part in producing enzymes and hormones. Meat supplies a dog with essential amino acids needed for repair, growth and good health, since the dog’s body cannot produce some of them itself. Besides protein, meat also contains fats, which provide energy and support healthy skin and coat. It further contains a range of vitamins and minerals such as vitamin B12, iron and zinc, all crucial for the immune system and the dog’s general health. Including meat in a dog’s diet in the right way is therefore essential to its health and wellbeing.

Which meats can dogs eat?

Dogs can eat a variety of meats that supply the nutrients they need. Poultry such as chicken and turkey is most often recommended, being high in protein and easy to digest. Beef is also a good source of protein and iron, while lamb can suit dogs with a sensitive digestive system. Pork can be given, but avoid large quantities, as it is harder to digest and higher in fat. Do remember that meat should be fresh, of good quality and free of bones, which can be dangerous for dogs.

A dog’s diet should include both muscle meat and offal, which is a source of valuable nutrients. Offal such as liver, hearts or stomachs gives dogs a good dose of protein along with vitamins and minerals essential to their health. Do not overdo it, though: too much offal can cause diarrhoea and an overdose of certain fat-soluble vitamins. It is therefore recommended that offal makes up no more than 25% of the total volume of a dog’s meal. 

Feeding your dog raw meat

Feeding dogs raw meat has become a popular topic among dog lovers, especially in connection with the raw diet (BARF). Raw meat supplies dogs with natural nutrients, enzymes and vitamins that can be destroyed by high temperatures. On a raw-meat diet, owners often notice better skin and coat condition, improved digestion and more energy in their pets. It is essential, however, to follow the rules of hygiene and safety: the meat should come from a trusted source and be stored and prepared with care, to keep the risk of bacteria such as Salmonella or E. coli to a minimum. Raw meat should be introduced into a dog’s diet gradually, and any dietary changes are best discussed with a veterinarian to ensure the right nutritional balance and avoid health problems.

How much raw meat a dog needs

The amount of raw meat in a dog’s diet should be matched to its weight, age, activity level and general health. Raw meat is usually recommended to make up around 60-80% of the total diet, with the rest supplied by other ingredients such as vegetables, fruit or grains. A good rule of thumb is to give 2-3% of the dog’s body weight in raw meat each day, so for a dog weighing 10 kg that works out at roughly 200-300 g of meat. It is important to watch how the dog responds to its new diet and adjust the amounts, so as to avoid problems such as obesity or digestive upsets.

Cooked meat for dogs

Cooked meat is a popular feeding option that can be safer and easier to digest for some animals, especially those with a sensitive digestive system. Cooking meat eliminates pathogens such as Salmonella or E. coli, which reduces the risk of infection both for the dog and for the household. It is important to remember, though, that meat should be cooked without seasonings or additions that can harm dogs, such as salt, onion or garlic. In home-prepared diets, cooked meat can be a solid source of protein and of many essential vitamins and minerals, including iron and the B vitamins. As with raw meat, the key is that cooked meat should form only part of a balanced diet, supplemented appropriately and combined with other ingredients such as vegetables and grains, so that the dog is fully nourished.

How to prepare cooked meat for your dog

Preparing cooked meat for a dog is simple and takes only a few steps. It is best to choose lean meats such as chicken, turkey, beef or lamb, which provide valuable nutrients. Start by washing the meat thoroughly to remove any dirt. Then cook it in water until it is done all the way through. Do not add seasonings or salt, as these are harmful to dogs. Once cooked, cut the meat into small pieces so that the dog can eat it easily. Make sure it has cooled before serving, so as not to burn the dog’s mouth. Cooked meat can be combined with other ingredients, such as cooked vegetables (carrots or potatoes, for instance) or rice, to make a balanced meal.

So which should you choose: cooked or raw?

The choice between cooked and raw meat for a dog depends on many things, including the dog’s individual health needs, the owner’s preferences and how comfortable they feel with a given way of feeding. Raw meat, known as the raw diet (BARF), provides natural nutrients, enzymes and vitamins that can support a dog’s health, but it carries a risk of bacterial infection and so calls for strict hygiene. Cooked meat, on the other hand, is generally safer, as cooking eliminates pathogens, and it is easier to digest for dogs with a sensitive gut. It is also worth watching how your dog responds to each form: some dogs prefer raw, others cooked. The essential thing is a balanced diet that supplies all the necessary nutrients, and if in doubt it is always worth consulting a veterinarian to tailor the diet to your pet’s particular needs.

How long a cat lives depends on many factors, including its breed, lifestyle, environment and healthcare. Understanding a cat’s likely lifespan matters to every owner who wants to give their pet the best possible conditions for its whole life.

Average lifespan

House cats usually live between 12 and 15 years, but many reach 20 years or more, especially with the right care. Cats kept indoors stand a far better chance of a long life than cats that go outside, as the latter face a range of dangers such as accidents, infectious diseases and even fights with other animals.

Cat breeds with the longest average lifespan

Some cat breeds are known for their remarkable longevity, averaging 15 years or more. Siamese cats are among the longest-lived and often reach 20. Another breed that stands out is the Maine Coon, which can live from 12 to 15 years, and some individuals longer still. Persians, although prone to certain health problems, also frequently reach the age of 15. The Ragdoll, another favourite among cat lovers, can live from 12 to 17 years.

The way to a long life is through the stomach!

Cats are predators, which means their diet should be rich in protein, fat and essential nutrients such as vitamins and minerals. Proper nutrition helps maintain an ideal body weight, and that is extremely important, because obesity can lead to a host of health problems such as diabetes, heart disease or joint trouble.

Choosing a good-quality food, rich in nutrients and free from artificial additives, can also help the body fight off disease and strengthen the immune system. Feeding regularly, in portions matched to the cat’s age and activity level, prevents both nutrient deficiencies and excesses. Constant access to fresh water is likewise essential for healthy kidneys and general wellbeing. A well-chosen diet therefore not only supports a cat’s health but can significantly extend its life, and improve the quality of that life at every stage.

Exercise means health — and a long life!

Regular exercise helps maintain an ideal body weight, which is key to preventing obesity and the many health problems that come with it, such as heart disease, diabetes or joint trouble. Active cats are less likely to develop the conditions associated with a sedentary life.

Exercise also stimulates the circulatory system and supports healthy muscles and joints, keeping them supple and the cat generally fit. Physical activity has a positive effect on a cat’s mental health too, reducing stress, anxiety and boredom, and with them the risk of destructive behaviour. Playing with their owner or with a variety of toys, such as wand teasers or balls, gives cats not only the exercise they need but also a stronger bond with the people who care for them.

How the right environment affects a cat’s lifespan

Cats that live in a safe, comfortable and stimulating environment have a far better chance of a long life than those exposed to constant hazards. Cats that go outdoors face accidents, infectious diseases and fights with other animals, all of which can cut their lives short considerably. Keeping a cat indoors minimises the risk of such dangers.

A safe environment should also offer plenty of scope for mental and physical stimulation. Toys, scratching posts and space to explore let cats express their natural instincts, such as climbing and hunting, which is good for their mental health. Access to fresh air and natural light, for instance through windows or balconies fitted with protective netting, also does much for a cat’s wellbeing.

How to help your cat live a long life

To improve a cat’s chances of a long life, owners should:

• Arrange regular visits to the veterinarian and keep vaccinations up to date.
• Look after their cat’s healthy diet and keep an eye on its weight.
• Give it the chance to be active, for example through toys and play together.
• Create a safe and stimulating environment where the cat feels comfortable.