The Most Common Neurological Problems in Cats

Cats are wonderful companions, but they are also delicate creatures that can face a range of health problems. Among these, neurological disorders — conditions affecting the central and peripheral nervous system — deserve particular attention. They are often difficult to diagnose, and their signs can easily be mistaken for other ailments. Cat owners should be aware of the most common neurological problems so they can act quickly if signs of illness appear. 

What are the most common neurological problems in cats?

Epilepsy

Epilepsy is one of the most common neurological conditions in cats, characterised by recurrent seizures. Many factors can lead to the development of the disease. The causes of epilepsy in cats can be divided into primary and secondary. Primary epilepsy, often considered hereditary, is rarely diagnosed in cats and may result from a genetic predisposition. Secondary epilepsy can have a variety of causes, such as head injuries, tumours, viral infections (for example feline leukaemia virus, FeLV), toxoplasmosis, and metabolic diseases such as liver failure or hypoglycaemia.

What are the signs of epilepsy in a cat?

The first signs of epilepsy can be hard to spot, especially in young cats. Typically they include unusual behaviour before a seizure, such as restlessness, excessive grooming or hiding. During the seizure itself a range of signs can be observed: convulsions, loss of consciousness, muscle rigidity and involuntary limb movements. After the seizure the cat may be disorientated, weak or show other changes in behaviour.

What are the treatment options?

Treating epilepsy in cats usually involves medication aimed at controlling the seizures. The drugs most commonly used are phenobarbital, potassium bromide and newer-generation anti-epileptics. The vet may also recommend regular check-ups to monitor how well the therapy is working and watch for any side effects. Alongside medication, it is important that owners of cats living with epilepsy provide a safe, stable environment, minimising stress and the risk of injury during seizures. 

Viral infections

Viral infections in cats can have a serious impact on the nervous system. The viruses most often responsible are feline leukaemia virus (FeLV) and feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV). 

Transmission occurs through contact with infected animals via saliva, blood and other body fluids, as well as through close interaction such as sharing food or mutual grooming. The range of diseases caused by these viruses can lead to encephalopathy, inflammation of the brain and a weakened immune system, which opens the door to further infections. 

Neurological signs include seizures, loss of balance, disorientation and behavioural changes such as apathy or excessive aggression. Early recognition and intervention are key to minimising the effects of these serious infections.

Parasitic infections

1. Toxoplasma gondii: a protozoan that causes toxoplasmosis and can lead to serious neurological problems. The infection may present with seizures, balance problems and behavioural changes such as apathy or aggression. Cats with a weakened immune system are more likely to develop severe signs.
2. Dirofilaria immitis (heartworm): although it mainly attacks the heart and blood vessels, in advanced cases it can lead to neurological complications such as emboli affecting the brain. Neurological signs may include seizures, disorientation and other nervous-system problems.
3. Uncinaria stenocephala and other nematodes: some roundworms can cause neurological problems, particularly in heavy infestations, leading to general weakness, loss of coordination and anaemia.
4. Toxocara cati: this roundworm, which causes toxocariasis, can lead to serious health problems, especially in kittens, presenting with diarrhoea, vomiting and, in extreme cases, neurological signs. 

How to prevent parasitic infections

Cats can pick up parasites through contact with other animals, by eating contaminated food or drinking contaminated water, and via fleas and a contaminated environment. To prevent these infections, use antiparasitic treatments regularly, keep your cat vaccinated, keep its surroundings clean, feed it high-quality food, limit contact with wild animals and visit the vet regularly. These measures will help protect your cat’s health and keep the risk of parasitic infection to a minimum.

Intervertebral disc disease in cats

Intervertebral disc disease (IVDD) is a condition in which the intervertebral discs degenerate and press on the spinal cord. IVDD most often develops in older cats or in those that have suffered a spinal injury. 

As a result of these changes, cats may develop neurological signs such as back pain, difficulty moving, an unsteady gait and, in advanced cases, paralysis of the hind limbs.

Treatment of disc disease may include medication (painkillers and anti-inflammatories), rehabilitation and, in some cases, surgery to relieve the pressure on the spinal cord. Early diagnosis and appropriate therapy are key to improving the animal’s quality of life and restoring its mobility.

Neurological signs that warrant a visit to the vet

Cat owners should watch out for worrying neurological signs such as:

• seizures
• loss of balance
• disorientation
• changes in behaviour (e.g. excessive aggression or apathy)
• loss of appetite or difficulty eating

Summary

Neurological problems can have a significant impact on a cat’s health and quality of life, which is why it is so important for owners to be aware of the signs that may point to a neurological disorder. If worrying signs such as seizures, loss of balance or behavioural changes appear, it is important to consult a vet as soon as possible. At Zviropolis Veterinary Clinic we offer specialist neurological care, including the diagnosis and treatment of neurological conditions in cats.