Eye Tumours in Dogs: Causes, Symptoms and Treatment

What does an eye tumour in a dog look like? Types of eye tumour

An eye tumour in a dog is a serious condition that can significantly affect the animal’s quality of life. Although tumours of this kind are relatively rare, their presence calls for immediate attention from owners.

Eye tumours in dogs can be divided into primary and secondary. Primary tumours develop directly in the tissues of the eye and come in several types. The most common is melanoma, which can appear in the eyeball or in the tissues surrounding the eye. Other primary tumours include squamous cell carcinoma and lymphoma. These growths can be located in different parts of the eye, such as the conjunctiva, cornea or retina, which is why the clinical signs vary so widely.

Secondary tumours, on the other hand, are the result of metastasis from other organs and can affect the eyes when cancers elsewhere in the body spread to the ocular tissues. In dogs, metastases from mammary, prostate or lymphatic cancers are common.

Causes of eye tumours

The causes of eye tumours in dogs are varied and may stem from several factors that influence the development of the disease.

One of the key factors is genetics. Certain breeds, such as cocker spaniels, bulldogs and German shepherds, have a heightened predisposition to developing eye tumours.

Exposure to ultraviolet radiation is another important factor. Dogs that spend a lot of time outdoors, especially those with light coats and light-coloured eyes, are more exposed to the harmful effects of UV, which can lead to squamous cell carcinoma.

Environmental factors such as exposure to toxic chemicals or tobacco smoke can also affect the risk of tumours. Eye injuries and chronic inflammation, such as conjunctivitis, are also a trigger for tumour formation.In addition, eye tumours can be the result of metastasis from other parts of the body, such as the internal organs. 

Symptoms of eye tumours

The symptoms of an eye tumour in dogs can vary and often depend on the location and type of the growth. Owners should be alert to any changes in their pet’s behaviour or in the appearance of its eyes. The most common symptoms include:

1. Redness or swelling around the eye – changes in the eye’s appearance, such as reddened conjunctiva or puffiness
2. Abnormal-looking pupils – changes in the shape or size of the pupils, including unevenly sized pupils or an abnormal reaction to light, can be a warning sign.
3. Discharge from the  eyes – the presence of unpleasant discharge such as pus or blood
4. Difficulty seeing – dogs with eye tumours may struggle to find their way around, which can show as stumbling or failing to avoid obstacles.
5. Increased sensitivity to light – the dog may start avoiding bright light, which can be a sign of pain or discomfort caused by changes in the eye.
6. Rubbing the eyes more often – owners may notice the dog frequently pawing at its eye or rubbing it against other surfaces.
7. Lethargy and reduced activity – tumours can cause general weakness, resulting in listlessness and a reluctance to play or move about.

Diagnosing eye tumours

Diagnosing eye cancer in a dog usually begins with a detailed history, in which the veterinarian asks about the symptoms the owner has noticed and the pet’s medical background. This is followed by a thorough clinical examination assessing the dog’s general health and the condition of its eyes, looking for any abnormalities such as redness, swelling or discharge. A key part of the work-up is an ophthalmic examination, using specialist instruments such as an ophthalmoscope to assess the inside of the eye and any pathological changes. For more detailed information, imaging such as ultrasound or a CT scan may be ordered to establish the size and extent of the tumour. If a tumour is suspected, a biopsy is also taken – a tissue sample is sent for histopathological analysis, which pinpoints the type of tumour. The veterinarian may also order blood tests or other investigations to assess the dog’s overall health and rule out other conditions. 

Treatment options

Treatment for an eye tumour in dogs depends on the type of growth, its location and the stage of the disease. For primary tumours, surgery is often recommended, which involves removing the tumour and, if necessary, part of the eyeball. Chemotherapy and radiotherapy may be used for advanced tumours or when the growth is difficult to remove surgically. It is important that treatment is tailored to the individual dog, taking into account its overall health and the owner’s wishes.

Living with an eye tumour

Dogs diagnosed with an eye tumour need special care to ensure the greatest possible comfort and quality of life. Owners should be prepared to monitor symptoms, attend regular veterinary appointments and adjust the treatment if needed. It is also important that the dog’s surroundings are calm and adapted to its needs, which may mean avoiding stressful situations and helping it get around. Working closely with the veterinarian and having access to information about the disease and treatment options can make a real difference to the pet’s wellbeing.

Conclusion

An eye tumour in a dog is a serious condition that requires prompt diagnosis and appropriate treatment. Owners should be alert to any worrying symptoms and consult a veterinarian without delay if they notice changes in their pet’s behaviour or the appearance of its eyes.  At the Zviropolis Veterinary Clinic we have a team of experienced specialists in ophthalmology and oncology ready to help diagnose and treat eye tumours in dogs. Our veterinarians have the knowledge and skills needed to carry out a thorough assessment of your pet’s health and plan effective treatment. Understanding and support in difficult moments are our priority, so please get in touch with us to give your four-legged friend the best possible care and help in fighting the disease.